What is a primary difference between open and closed systems?

The distinction between open and closed systems primarily relates to their interactions with the surrounding environment, particularly with regard to the movement of matter and energy. In an open system, there is a degree of exchange with the environment, which can involve the transfer of both energy and matter. This is often described as having a semi-permeable boundary, allowing for various inputs and outputs.

For instance, biological ecosystems are examples of open systems because they exchange matter (like nutrients, carbon dioxide, and oxygen) and energy (from sunlight or chemical reactions) with their surroundings. This interaction is key to their functioning and sustainability.

In contrast, a closed system, as described in the correct choice, does not allow for such interactions with the outside environment. It is isolated in terms of matter exchange, potentially allowing energy exchanges but not matter. This is important in various fields like thermodynamics and some domains of informatics, where understanding system boundaries is crucial.

The incorrect alternatives suggest characteristics that do not accurately represent the essential aspects of open and closed systems, such as the implications of permeability and isolation regarding the exchange of matter and energy. Therefore, the understanding of boundaries in terms of openness and closedness is fundamental to distinguishing these systems.